OBAVEZNA VAKCINACIJA PROTIV COVID-19 IZ PERSPEKTIVE LJUDSKIH PRAVA
Bočna strana članka
Glavni sadržaj članka
Apstrakt
Analiza obavezujuće vakcinacije protiv COVID-19 iz ugla ljudskih prava pokazuje da takva praksa ugrožava realizaciju niza fundamentalnih prava, uključujući pravo na život, fizički integritet, bezbednost i zdravlje. Osnovna pretpostavka za sprovođenje imunizacije protiv bilo koje zarazne bolesti, pa tako i protiv COVID-19, jeste da je vakcina koja se primenjuje ispitana, efikasna i bezbedna. Vakcine protiv ove zarazne bolesti ne samo da nisu dovoljno ispitane, već su se u upotrebi našle i one koje se zasnivaju na genetskom materijalu i koje nikada do sada nisu bile korišćene u svrhu imunizacije od bolesti. Prethodni informisani dobrovoljni pristanak lica je conditio sine qua non. Niko ne može biti izložen političkom, društvenom ili bilo kakvom drugom pritisku da se vakciniše ukoliko to sam ne želi da uradi, a pravo na delotvorni pravni lek i obeštećenje mora biti obezbeđeno svima. Proizvođači vakcina se ne mogu osloboditi od odgovornosti za potencijalne štetne posledice. U interesu je javnog zdravlja da države preduzmu mere radi zaštite od neprikladnog uticaja farmaceutske industrije. Cilj rada je da doprinese naučnoj raspravi u ovoj oblasti.
Detalji članka
Reference
Anderson, E. et al. (2020). Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Older Adults. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383:2427-2438. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2028436
Berdine, G.G. (2022). All Cause Mortality in the United States During 2021. American Institute of Economic Research, 30 January. Dostupno na: https://www.aier.org/article/all-cause-mortality-in-the-united-states-during-2021/ (pristupljeno 10. septembra 2022).
Beta-AP. (2022). Više stotina nevakcinisanih radnika dobilo otkaz u Nevadi. Danas, 01.01. Dostupno na: https://www.danas.rs/svet/vise-stotina-nevakcinisanih-radnika-dobilo-otkaz-u-nevadi/ (pristupljeno 12. avgusta 2022).
Beta. (2021). Šolc: Državnim sredstvima borićemo se protiv manjine antivakserskih ekstremista. N1, 15.12. Dostupno na: https://rs.n1info.com/svet/solc-drzavnim-sredstvima-boricemo-se-protiv-manjine-antivakserskih-ekstremista/ (pristupljeno 12. avgusta 2022).
Bjegović-Mikanović, V. Šantić, J. i Overall, J. (2015). Ljudska prava u zdravstvenoj zaštiti - priručnik za praktičare. Beograd, Medicinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu.
Blaylock, R. (2022). The COVID-19 "Vaccines": What is the truth?. International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research, 2(2), pp. 595-602. https://doi.org/10.56098/ijvtpr.v2i2.57
Buchholz, K. (2022). The Countries Where Covid-19 Vaccination Is Mandatory. 8 February. Dostupno na: https://www.statista.com/chart/25326/obligatory-vaccination-against-covid-19/ (pristupljeno 8. avgusta 2022).
Cole, A. Webster, P. Van Liew, D. Salas, M. Aimer, O. Malikova, MA. (2022). Safety surveillance and challenges in accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, 13. https://doi.org/10.1177/20420986221116452
Davis, N. (2020). How has a Covid vaccine been developed so quickly? The Guardian, 8 December. Dostupno na: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/dec/08/how-has-a-covid-vaccine-been-developed-so-quickly (pristupljeno 14. februara 2021).
Elisha, E. Guetzkow, J. Shir-Raz, Y. and Ronel, N. (2022). Going Against the Flow: Concerns and Motivations of Professionals with Critical Views on Vaccination. Temida, 2 (u štampi). https://doi.org/10.2298/TEM2202155E
European Forum for Vaccine Vigilance, 2018. MEP Vaccine Safety Report. February. Dostupno na: https://www.efvv.eu/images/content/2018/0414/2-no-4-vax-safety-doc-2018-5_5b950.pdf (pristupljeno 10.10.2021).
European Forum for Vaccine Vigilance. (2021). Manifest: Zaustavite cijepljenje protiv Covid-19 i diskriminaciju necijepljenih osoba. 27. januar. Dostupno na: https://www.efvv.eu/actions-lawsuits/manifesto-stop-covid-19-vaccination-and-discrimination-against-unvaccinated-persons (pristupljeno 7. avgusta 2022.).
Eurostat. (2022). Excess mortality hits +16%, highest 2022 value so far. 16 September. Dostupno na: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220916-1 (pristupljeno 12.10.2022.).
Fleming, R. (2021). Is COVID-19 a Bioweapon? Skyhorse Publishing.
Gurevich, L. (2022). Framing effect method in vaccination status discrimination research. Humanities and Social Sciences Communication, 9, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01299-x
Han, X. Xu, P. and Ye, Q. (2021). Analysis of COVID-19 vaccines: Types, thoughts, and application. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 35 (9), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.23937
Heaton, P. (2020). The Covid-19 Vaccine-Development Multiverse. 12 November. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383, pp. 1986-1988. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2025111
Holland, S.M. (2018). Liability for Vaccine Injury: The United States, the European Union, and the Developing World. Emory Law Journal, 67 (415), pp. 415-462.
Huang, Q. Zeng, J. and Yan, J. (2021). COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Journal of Genetics and Genomics, 48, pp. 107-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgg.2021.02.006
Jackson, L. et al. (2020). An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 - Preliminary Report. 12 November, The New England Journal of Medicine, 383, pp. 1920-1931. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2022483
Jacob, N. (2021). Nobel Laureate Luc Montagnier's Anti-Vaccine Claims Wrong, Unscientific. FactChecker, 26 May. Dostupno na: https://www.factchecker.in/fact-check/nobel-laureate-luc-montagniers-anti-vaccine-claims-wrong-unscientific-covid-19-vaccination-751214 (pristupljeno 10. avgusta 2022.).
Kenigsberg, T. A. et al. (2022). Dashboard development for near real-time visualization of COVID-19 vaccine safety surveillance data in the Vaccine Safety Datalink. Vaccine, 40 (22), pp. 3064-3071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.010
Komarčević, D. (2021). Ko su lekari antivakseri u Srbiji? Negatori virusa u belim mantilima. Radio Slobodna Evropa, 31.03. Dostupno na: https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/31179853.html (pristupljeno 12. avgusta 2022.).
Ljubičić, M. (2022). Dezinformacije i korona: U 2021. dominirali antivakseri. Raskrinkavanje, 09.01.2022. Dostupno na: https://www.raskrikavanje.rs/page.php?id=Dezinformacije-i-korona-U-2021--dominirali-antivakseri-945 (pristupljeno 12. avgusta 2022.).
Lloyd, PC. Hu, M. Wong, H-L. et al. (2022). "Near real-time surveillance of safety outcomes in US COVID-19 vaccine recipients aged 12 to 64 years". Vaccine. January. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.060
McDonagh, M. (2013). The Right to Information in International Human Rights Law. Law Review, 13(1), pp. 25-55. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngs045
Mujović-Zornić, H. 2016. Odgovornost za štetu od vakcina. Pravni život, 9, str. 303-319.
Nova, FoNet. (2021). Doktor sa VMA: Najveća opasnost preti od lekara-antivaksera. N1, 22.11. Dostupno na: https://rs.n1info.com/vesti/doktor-sa-vma-najveca-opasnost-preti-od-lekara-antivaksera/ (pristupljeno 12. avgusta 2022.).
Ritchie, H. Mathieu, E. Rodés-Guirao, L. et. al. (2022). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations. 30 September. Dostupno na: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations#citation (pristupljeno 1. oktobra 2022.).
Rothstein, M.A. Parmet, W. and Rubinstein Reiss, D. (2021). "Employer-Mandated
Sáez-Llorens, X. Lanata, C. Aranguren, E. et al. (2022). Safety and immunogenicity of mRNA-LNP COVID-19 vaccine CVnCoV in Latin American adults: A phase 2 randomized study. Vaccine, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2022.100189
Seneff, S. High, G. Kyriakopoulos, A.M. and McCullough, P.A. (2022). Innate immune suppression by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations: The role of G-quadruplexes, exosomes, and MicroRNAs. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 164, pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2022.113008
Sessa, M. Kragholm, K. Hviid, A. & Andersen, M. (2021). Thromboembolic events in younger women exposed to Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 20(11), pp. 1451-1453, https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2021.1955101
Sousa Rosa, S. Prazeres, D. Azevedo, A. and Marques, M. (2021). mRNA vaccines manufacturing: Challenges and bottlenecks. Vaccine, 39 (16), pp.2190-2200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.038
Stokel-Walker, Ch. (2021). Covid-19: The countries that have mandatory vaccination for health workers. BMJ, 29 June. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1645
Tosin Yinka Akintunde, Shaojun Chen, Taha Hussein Musa et. al. (2021). Tracking the progress in COVID-19 and vaccine safety research - a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of publications indexed in Scopus database. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 17:11, pp. 3887-3897, https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1969851
Trougakos, I. Terpos, E. Alexopoulos, H. et. al. (2022). Adverse effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: the spike hypothesis. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 28 (7), pp. 542-554,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2022.04.007
Vaccination for COVID-19. American Journal of Public Health, 111(6), pp. 1061-1064. https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2020.306166
Van Tassel, K. Shachar, C. and Hoffman, Sh. (2021). Covid-19 Vaccine Injuries - Preventing Inequities in Compensation. The New England Journal of Medicine, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2034438
Verkerk, R. Plothe, C. Kathrada, N. and Lindley, K. (2022). Self-Selected COVID-19 "Unvaccinated" Cohort Reports Favorable Health Outcomes and Unjustified Discrimination in Global Survey. International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research, 2(2), pp. 321-354. https://doi.org/10.56098/ijvtpr.v2i2.43
Wilson, Rh. (2022). Pfizer admits to European Parliament they NEVER tested whether Covid Vaccine prevented transmissionor infection - "Get Vaccinated for Others" was always a Lie. The Exposé, 12 October. Dostupno na: https://expose-news.com/2022/10/12/get-vaccinated-for-others-was-always-a-lie/ (pristupljeno 12.10.2022.).
World Health Organization (WHO). (2020c). Weekly epidemiological record, 10 July, no. 28: 325-336.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). WHO programme and financial reports for 2020-2021, including audited financial statements for 2020 - WHO Results Report. 17 May, A74/28.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2021b). Draft report of the Member States Working Group on Strengthening WHO Preparedness and Response to Health Emergencies to the special session of the World Health Assembly. 12 November. A/WGPR/5/2
Young, M.L. Sunyoung, P. and Ki-Yeob, J. (2022). Foreign Materials in Blood Samples of Recipients of COVID-19 Vaccines. International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research, 2(1), pp. 249-265. https://doi.org/10.56098/ijvtpr.v2i1.37
INTERNET IZVORI:
Alliance for Natural Health. (2022). Breaking news: Censors remove control group report from preprint server. 17 June. Dostupno na: https://www.anhinternational.org/news/breaking-news-censors-remove-control-group-report-from-preprint-server/ (pristupljeno 10. septembra 2022).
BIREME- PAHO - WHO. Windows of Knowledge Collection of the VHL Network. Dostupno na: https://bvsalud.org/vitrinas/en/post_vitrines/ (pristupljeno 10. marta 2022).
Covid19 Vaccine Tracker. (2022). By the Numbers. Dostupno na: https://covid19.trackvaccines.org (pristupljeno 20. septembra 2022).
Covid19 Vaccine Tracker, 2022. World Health Organization, 11 Vaccines Granted Emergency Use Listing (EUL) by WHO. 20 September. Dostupno na: https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/agency/who/ (pristupljeno 30. septembra 2022).
Covid19 Vaccine Tracker. Learn More About Vaccine Clinical Trials. Dostupno na: https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/trials-vaccine-testing/#trial-phases (pristupljeno 20. avgusta 2022).
Covid19 Vaccine Tracker. Moderna: Spikevax. Dostupno na: https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/vaccines/22/ (pristupljeno 19. avgusta 2022.).
Covid19 Vaccine Tracker. Pfizer/BioNTech: Comirnaty. Dostupno na: https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/vaccines/6/#trial-nct04969601 (pristupljeno 20. avgusta 2022.).
Cross-Regional Statement on "Infodemic" in the Context of COVID-19. Dostupno na: https://onu.delegfrance.org/IMG/pdf/cross-regional_statement_on_infodemic_final_with_all_endorsements.pdf (pristupljeno 16. novembra 2021).
EU Clinical Trials Register. Clinical trials. Dostupno na: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-005442-42/PL (pristupljeno 20. avgusta 2022).
European Council. Council of the European Union. An international treaty on pandemic prevention and preparedness. Dostupno na; https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/coronavirus/pandemic-treaty/ (pristupljeno 20. avgusta 2022).
European Medicine Agency, (n.d.). COVID-19 vaccines: authorised. Dostupno na: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/overview/public-health-threats/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/treatments-vaccines/vaccines-covid-19/covid-19-vaccines-authorised (pristupljeno 8. juna 2022).
European Parliament. 2022. Press conference after Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla refused to answer in front of European Parliament. 11 October. Dostupno na: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jTgDj7uiX8 (pristupljeno 12.10.2022).
European Vaccination Information Portal. Approval of vaccines in the European Union. Dostupno na: https://www.vaccination-info.eu/en/vaccine-facts/approval-vaccines-european-union (pristupljeno 16. maja 2022).
Francuska i korona virus: Suspendovano 3.000 nevakcinisanih zdravstvenih radnika. BBC News na srpskom, 16.09.2022. Dostupno na: https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat/svet-58587434 (pristupljeno 12. avgusta 2022).
Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization. 2020. Understanding the infodemic and misinformation in the fight against COVID-19. Digital Transformation Toolkit. Dostupno na: https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/52052/Factsheet-infodemic_eng.pdf?sequence=16 (pristupljeno 10. marta 2022).
Pan American Health Organization. COVID-19 guidance and the latest research in the Americas. https://covid19-evidence.paho.org (pristupljeno 10. marta 2022).
Sazdanović: Lekari koji ne preporuče vakcinu krivično odgovorni, svoje mišljenje mogu imati van radnog mesta. Euronews, 13.10.2021. Dostupno na: https://www.euronews.rs/srbija/drustvo/20640/sazdanovic-lekari-koji-ne-preporuce-vakcinu-krivicno-odgovorni-svoje-misljenje-mogu-imati-van-radnog-mesta/vest (pristupljeno 13. avgusta 2022).
Smenjen dekan Medicinskog fakulteta kojeg su mediji proglasili antivakserom. Vesti.rs, 1.07.2021. Dostupno na: https://www.vesti.rs/Vakcinacija/Smenjen-dekan-Medicinskog-fakulteta-kojeg-su-mediji-proglasili-antivakserom.html (pristupljeno 10. avgusta 2022).
Smenjen doktor antivakser iz KC Niš Bojko Bjelaković! Republika, 01.11.2021. Dostupno na: https://www.republika.rs/vesti/srbija/318325/smenjen-doktor-antivakser-iz-kc-nis-bojko-bjelakovc-propagirao-lek-za-zivotinje-kao-najefikasnije-sredstvo-protiv-korone (pristupljeno 10. avgusta 2022).
Smenjeni načelnici sa VMA koji su podržali proglas "Ujedinjeni protiv kovida". Slobodna reč, 18.09.2020. Dostupno na: https://slobodnarec.rs/2020/09/18/smenjeni-nacelnici-sa-vma-koji-su-podrzali-proglas-ujedinjeni-protiv-kovida/ (pristupljeno 12. avgusta 2022).
U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2022. Safety and Immunogenicity Study of 2019-nCoV Vaccine (mRNA-1273) for Prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19). ClinicalTrials.gov. 30 September. Dostupno na: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT04283461 (pristupljeno 1. oktobra 2022)
UN Global Pulse, https://www.unglobalpulse.org (pristupljeno 8. septembra 2022.).
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (UNODC), 2020. The Secretary-General Message on COVID-19 and Misinformation. 14 April. Dostupno na: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/press/releases/2020/April/message-on-covid-19-and-misinformation.html (pristupljeno 14. novembra 2021).
World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). How are vaccines developed?. Dostupno na: https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/how-are-vaccines-developed (pristupljeno 18. avgusta 2022).
World Health Organization (WHO). (2020a). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Use of Emergency Use Listing procedure for vaccines against COVID-19. 30. septembar. Dostupno na: https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-use-of-emergency-use-listing-procedure-forvaccines-against-covid-19 (pristupljeno 30. avgusta 2022).
World Health Organization (WHO). (2020b). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 28 December 2020. 28 December. Dostupno na: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---28-december-2020 (pristupljeno 20. oktobra 2021).
World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). The race for a Covid-19 vaccine explained. 12 January. Dostupno na: https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-race-for-a-covid-19-vaccine-explained (pristupljeno 15. marta 2021).
World Health Organization (WHO). (2021a). Vaccines and immunization: What is vaccination?. 30 August. Dostupno na: https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/vaccines-and-immunization-what-is-vaccination (pristupljeno 30. septembra 2021).
World Health Organization (WHO). (2021b). Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines. 31 March. Dostupno na: https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/safety-of-covid-19-vaccines (pristupljeno 10. aprila 2022).
World Health Organization (WHO). (2021d). Implementing the Immunization Agenda 2030: A Framework for Action through Coordinated Planning, Monitoring & Evaluation, Ownership & Accountability, and Communications & Advocacy. 7 January. Dostupno na: https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/strategies/ia2030 (pristupljeno 15.01.2022).
World Health Organization (WHO). (2022). Status of COVID-19 Vaccines within WHO EUL/PQ evaluation process. 21. septembar. Dostupno na: https://extranet.who.int/pqweb/sites/default/files/documents/Status_COVID_VAX_21September2022.pdf (pristupljeno 23. septembra 2022).
World Health Organization (WHO). (2022a). WHO statement regarding COVID-19 immunization errors in children. 30 August. Dostupno na: https://www.who.int/news/item/30-08-2022-statement-covid-19-immunization-errors-children (pristupljeno 20. septembra 2022).
World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 Vaccines. Dostupno na: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccines (pristupljeno 20. maja 2022).
World Health Organization (WHO). Contributors. Dostupno na: http://open.who.int/2020-21/contributors/contributor (pristupljeno 10. avgusta 2022).
World Health Organization (WHO). Early AI-supported Response with Social Listening. COVID-19 related conversations online in 30 pilot countries. Dostupno na: https://www.who-ears.com/#/ (pristupljeno 3. marta 2022).
World Health Organization (WHO). The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety. Dostupno na: https://www.who.int/groups/global-advisory-committee-on-vaccine-safety/ (pristupljeno 19. septembra 2022).
DOKUMENTI MEĐUNARODNIH ORGANIZACIJA:
Active Citizenship Network. European Charter of Patients' Rights. November 2002.
CoE Parlamentary Assembly Resolution 1749 (2010). Handling of the H1N1 pandemic: more transparency needed. 24 June 2010.
CoE Recommendation Rec No. R (2000) 5. April 30, 2002.
CoE Resolution 2071 (2015) Public health and the interests of the pharmaceutical industry: how to guarantee the primacy of public health interests?, 29 September 2015.
CoE. Additional Protocol to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, concerning Biomedical Research, CETS No. 195, 25 January 2005.
CoE. Protecting patients and public health against undue influence of the pharmaceutical industry. Doc. 13148. 21 March 2013.
Convention for the protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine. ETS No. 164
Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly. Resolution 2361 (2021) Covid-19 vaccines: ethical, legal and practical considerations, 27 january 2021.
Council of Europe. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. ETS No. 005. November 4, 1950.
Council of Europe. European Social Charter (revised). ETS. No. 163, 3 May 1996.
ECtHR. Nitecki v. Poland. App. No. 65653/01. March 21, 2002.
ECtHR. Erikson v. Italy. App. No. 37900/97. October 26, 1999.
European Parliament decision of 10 March 2022 on setting up a special committee on 'COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned and recommendations for the future, its responsibilities, numerical strength and term of office' (2022/2584(RSO).
International Commission of Jurists, Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. (1984).
International Conference on Primary Health Care. Declaration of Alma-Alta. September 6, 1978.
UN Human Rights Committee (HRC). General Comment No. 31: Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant. May 26, 2004.
United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. CESCR General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art. 12), 11 August 2000, E/C.12/2000/4
United Nations. Human Rights Council. Disease pandemics and the freedom of opinion and expression. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression. 23 April 2020. A/HRC/44/49
United Nations General Assembly. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2200A [XX1]: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). UN Doc. A/6316. December 16, 1966.
United Nations General Assembly. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2200A[XXI]: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). UN Doc. A/6316. December 16, 1966.
United Nations General Assembly. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 39/46: Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT). UN Doc. A/39/51. December 10, 1984.
United Nations General Assembly. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 44/25: Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). UN Doc. A/44/49. November 20, 1989.
United Nations Human Rights Committee. General Comment No. 35: Article 9: Liberty and security of person. UN Doc. CCPR/C/GC/35. 16 December 2014.
United Nations, Final report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Dainius Puras, 16 July 2020, A/75/163
WHO. Declaration on the Promotion of Patients' Rights in Europe. June 28, 1994.